Dr. Heiko Richter
LL.M. (Columbia), Dipl.-Kfm.

Edited Works

Competition and Intellectual Property Law in Ukraine (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 31), Springer, Berlin; Heidelberg 2023, XXI + 605 pp. DOI

• This volume provides the most comprehensive contemporary academic writing on Ukrainian competition and intellectual property law in English. Especially over the last few years, these areas have been in considerable flux, a main driver being the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement. The chapters cover a broad range of different topics and share a forward-looking perspective. They also outline the basic background that is necessary to understand the context of the issue discussed, especially with regards to the legal system of Ukraine. The publication is the result of a two-year project, and it is addressed to a wide range of international scholars, practitioners, and policy makers. It aims to make the state-of-the-art in Ukrainian legal scholarship visible and accessible to the international research community and to stimulate global debates in academia and politics. Therefore, it may be of interest and use to anyone who is interested in competition and intellectual property law, and/or in Ukraine.

Smart Urban Mobility - Law, Regulation, and Policy (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 29), Springer, Berlin; Heidelberg 2020, VI + 340 pp. (together with Michele Finck et al.).

Books and Monographs

Datennutzungsgesetz: DNG - Kommentar (Gelbe Erläuterungsbücher ), 2. ed., C.H. Beck, München 2023, XXX + 502 pp.

Data Access and Sharing in Germany and in the EU: Towards a Coherent Legal Framework for the Emerging Data Economy: A Legal, Economic and Competition Policy Angle - Final Report (Expertenstudie im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz) 2022, 308 pp. (together with Heike Schweitzer et al.).

• 20221026-data-access-and-sharing-in-germany-and-in-the-eu.pdf

Information als Infrastruktur - Zu einem wettbewerbs- und innovationsbezogenen Ordnungsrahmen für Informationen des öffentlichen Sektors (Geistiges Eigentum und Wettbewerbsrecht, 164), Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2021, XXXIII + 635 pp.

Informationsweiterverwendungsgesetz (IWG), C.H. Beck, München 2018, XXIV + 380 pp.

Studiengebühren und deren Verwendung (Public Management - Diskussionsbeiträge, Nr. 56), Universität Hamburg, Fakultät Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Arbeitsbereich Public Management, Hamburg 2007, XI + 91 pp.

Contributions to Collected Editions, Commentaries, Handbooks and Encyclopaedias

Kommentierung zum Data Act: Art. 14 (Pflicht zur Bereitstellung von Daten wegen außergewöhnlicher Notwendigkeit), Art. 15 (Außergewöhnliche Notwendigkeit der Datennutzung), Art. 43 (Datenbanken, die bestimmte Daten enthalten), Art. 47 (Änderung der Verordnung (EU) 2017/2394); Art. 48 (Änderung der Verordnung (EU) 2020/1828, in: Heinrich Amadeus Wolff, Stefan Brink, Antje von Ungern-Sternberg (eds.), Beck’scher Online-Kommentar Datenschutzrecht, ab Edition 48, C.H. Beck, München 2024.

Zum Proprium der Immaterialgüterrechtswissenschaft: Lehren aus der Odyssee des EU-Datenbankherstellerrechts, in: Kreation Innovation Märkte - Creation Innovation Markets - Festschrift Reto M. Hilty, Springer, Berlin; Heidelberg 2024, 997 - 1012. DOI

• Vor 30 Jahren wurde das umstrittene EU-Datenbankherstellerrecht als Ausschließlichkeitsrecht konzipiert. Seitdem haben sich die Technik, die Gesellschaft und die Wissenschaft selbst erheblich verändert. Auf der Suche nach dem Proprium der Immaterialgüterrechtswissenschaft wirft dieser Beitrag Schlaglichter auf neun vom Datenbankherstellerrecht berührte Problemkreise. Diese werden zum Anlass genommen, um grundlegender über die Grenzen, aber auch über den Selbstanspruch, die Anschlussfähigkeit und den Integrationsbedarf der Immaterialgüterrechtswissenschaft zu reflektieren.

Access to Private Sector Data for the Common Good: A Critical Review of Chapter V of the Proposed Data Act - Report for the Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE), in: Jörg Krämer (ed.), Data Act: Towards a Balanced EU Data Regulation, Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE), Brüssel 2023, 59 - 76.

• https://cerre.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/230327_Data-Act-Book.pdf

Kommentierung zum Data Governance Act (DGA): Art. 2 Abs. 2 (Begriffsbestimmungen: Weiterverwendung), Art. 4 (Verbot von Ausschließlichkeitsvereinbarungen), Art. 13 (Zuständige Behörden für Datenvermittlungsdienste), Art. 14 (Überwachung der Einhaltung), in: Heinrich Amadeus Wolff, Stefan Brink, Antje von Ungern-Sternberg (eds.), Beck’scher Online-Kommentar Datenschutzrecht, ab Edition 45, C.H. Beck, München 2023.

Competition and Intellectual Property Law in Ukraine: Navigating the Landscape, in: Heiko Richter (ed.), Competition and Intellectual Property Law in Ukraine (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 31), Springer, Berlin; Heidelberg 2023, 1 - 11. DOI

• This introduction to the volume "Competition and Intellectual Property Law in Ukraine" outlines the goal of the book while providing further factual background. It invites the reader into Ukraine’s legal landscape by briefly outlining the country’s governance and politics. The chapter then offers seven possible “tours” that may guide through the book and help the reader to grasp competition and intellectual property law in Ukraine from different perspectives, namely by legal areas, EU approximation, Ukrainian features of laws, Ukrainian institutions, special interests, methodology and interdisciplinarity, and public policy. The chapter concludes with future considerations.

Rechte an Daten und Datenzugangsrechte, in: Kuuya Chibanguza, Christian Kuß, Hans Steege (eds.), Künstliche Intelligenz - Recht und Praxis automatisierter und autonomer Systeme, Nomos, Baden-Baden 2022, 93 - 110 (together with Jure Globocnik).

The Law and Policy of Government Access to Private Sector Data ('B2G Data Sharing'), in: German Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection, Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition (eds.), Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare, Nomos, Baden-Baden 2021, 529 - 572. DOI

• The tremendous rate of technological advancement in recent years has fostered a policy de-bate about improving the state’s access to privately held data (‘B2G data sharing’). Access to such ‘data of general interest’ can significantly improve social welfare and serve the common good. At the same time, expanding the state’s access to privately held data poses risks. This chapter inquires into the potential and limits of mandatory access rules, which would oblige private undertakings to grant access to data for specific purposes that lie in the public interest. The article discusses the key questions that access rules should address and develops general principles for designing and implementing such rules. It puts particular emphasis on the opportunities and limitations for the implementation of horizontal B2G access frameworks. Finally, the chapter outlines concrete recommendations for legislative reforms.
• Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 20-06

Smart Urban Mobility as a Regulatory Challenge, in: Michele Finck et al. (ed.), Smart Urban Mobility - Law, Regulation, and Policy (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 29), Springer, Berlin 2020, 1 - 17 (together with Michele Finck et al.). DOI

• The ‘smart city’ has become shorthand for developments in technology that influence how cities are organised and how citizens coexist in them. ‘Smart mobility’, one of its most visible sub-domains, has been considerably affected by ecological, demographic and economic pressures. Emerging methods of transporta-
  tion and innovative business models can overcome old problems, but they also pose
  new societal, economic and legal challenges. This introduction aims to shed light on
  the law, regulation and policy of ‘smart urban mobility’ by critically examining its
  substantial transformation from a regulatory perspective. It outlines the notion of the
  ‘smart city’, highlights trends in ‘smart’ urban mobility, points to related legal
  challenges and explains the conception and chapters of this book.

Administrative und staatliche Selbstdarstellung: Informationsweitergabe der öffentlichen Hand, in: Kai von Lewinski (ed.), Formate des Datenjournalismus (Journalismus: Theorie und Praxis, 24), LIT, Berlin 2019, 35 - 55.

The Power Paradigm in Private Law – Towards a Holistic Regulation of Personal Data, in: Mor Bakhoum et al. (ed.), Personal Data in Competition, Consumer Protection and Intellectual Property Law (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 28), Springer, Berlin 2018, 527 - 577. DOI

• Currently there is no holistic concept linking the various areas of private law that are concerned with the regulation of personal data. However, there is a strong need for one. This study elaborates on such an approach by focusing on the private power paradigm. Private power is of utmost relevance for personal data and pervades various areas of private law. This study applies recent findings of research conducted by private law scholars, who have conceptualized private power in private law, to the regulation of personal data in private law, namely in the areas of the law of contract, consumer protection, competition, (intellectual) property, data protection and anti-discrimination. It draws descriptive as well as normative conclusions which can help to better understand the regulatory implications and serve as a methodology for identifying and shaping coherent and prudent regulation of personal data in the future.

Die Hydra des Dateneigentums – eine methodische Betrachtung, in: Stiftung Datenschutz (ed.), Dateneigentum und Datenhandel (DatenDebatten, 3), Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 2018, 241 - 260 (together with Reto M. Hilty).

• Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Discussion Paper
• Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Discussion Paper No. 12

Zwischen Liberalisierungspolitik und Gemeinwohlinteressen: Das deutsche Presse-Grosso und Dienstleistungen von allgemeinem wirtschaftlichem Interesse gemäß Art. 106 Abs. 2 AEUV, in: Das Publicness-Puzzle – Öffentliche Aufgabenerfüllung zwischen Staat und Markt, Festschrift für Peter Eichhorn zum 75. Geburtstag, Jacobs, Lage 2014, 345 - 368.

Contracting Co-Determination: The SE-Directive as a Model?, in: Horst Eidenmüller (ed.), Regulatory Competition in Contract Law and Dispute Resolution, C.H. Beck/Hart Publishing/Nomos, München/Oxford/Baden-Baden 2013, 189 - 199 (together with Gregor Bachmann).

Preisgleichheit und kartellrechtliche Missbrauchsaufsicht im Bereich der Energieversorgung, in: Katharina Boesche (ed.), Rechtsaspekte bei Preisen (Das Recht der Preise), Liber, Berlin 2009, 65 - 136.

Journal Articles

EU Digital Legislation as a "Wimmelpicture"? What Children's Books Can Teach Us About Laws, IIC 55, 2 (2024), 179 - 184. DOI

The Public Interest Dimension of the Single Market for Data: Public Undertakings as a Model for Regulating Private Data Sharing, European Law Journal: Review of European Law in Context 29, 1-2 (2023), 91 - 113. DOI

• Data plays a crucial role for society. Accordingly, building a ‘single market for data’ by increasing the availability of public and private data ranks high on the EU policy agenda. But when advancing legal data sharing regimes, there is an inevitable need to balance public and private interests. While the European Commission continues to push for more binding rules on data sharing between private businesses, public undertakings are already covered by mandatory rules. Exploring how the law addresses their data offers valuable lessons on the reconciliation of market reasoning with the public interest. In particular, this article inquires into the recast Open Data and Public Sector Information Directive, the Data Governance Act, and different national rules which regulate access to and re-use of public undertakings' data. It identifies five striking characteristics and discusses their potential and limitations for regulating data sharing by private undertakings. The implications serve as a guidepost for advancing the wider debate on building a single market for data in the EU. Some of them are already reflected in the upcoming EU Data Act.

Transparenzgesetz des Bundes und „Rechtsanspruch auf Open Data“ – Teil 2: Transparenzrechtliche Open-Data-Verlängerung und gemeinwohlbezogener Anspruch auf Datenbereitstellung nach § 12a EGovG als Reformmöglichkeiten, Zeitschrift für das gesamte Informationsrecht 3, 5 (2023), 213 - 219.

Transparenzgesetz des Bundes und "Rechtsanspruch auf Open Data" – Teil 1: Positive Funktionen von Ansprüchen und konzeptionelle Lehren aus bestehenden Open-Data-Regeln und Transparenzgesetzen, Zeitschrift für das gesamte Informationsrecht 3, 4 (2023), 159 - 168.

Looking at the Data Governance Act and Beyond: How to Better Integrate Data Intermediaries in the Market Order for Data Sharing, GRUR Int 72, 5 (2023), 458 - 470. DOI

• This article enquires into the current prospects for data intermediaries in the context of competition and innovation policies. It asks what the conditions for and means to fulfil these promises are. This requires looking at the evolving legal framework – including the recently enacted Regulation (EU) 2022/686 ‘Data Governance Act’, which affects the incentives of data intermediaries and market actors. In particular, this article explores the obstacles for the establishment of data intermediaries, the context for their activities and the necessary conditions to be set, and complimentary measures to be taken to make them work. The overall goal is to discuss how the findings would translate into viable policy options to advance the regulatory framework that would contribute to an effective market design for data sharing.

Prospects of Merger Review in the Digital Age: A Critical Look at the EU, the United States, and Germany, IIC 54, 2 (2023), 223 - 267. DOI

• This article takes a critical look at merger law and practice in the EU, the United States, and Germany regarding data-related transactions. It focuses on the current legal standard and evaluates the recent decision practice in these jurisdictions. This includes the increasing implementation of data-related remedies, such as data access and data separation commitments, which have so far not been the focus of scholarly attention. On this basis, the article discusses the prospects of merger review within the framework of current policy reform debates. It concludes with recommendations for future legislative action in Germany and the EU. In particular, the legislature should implement a tightened and better suited merger review regime for dominant undertakings in digital markets.

Of the State’s Business: Merger Review in Digital Markets, GRUR Int 71, 9 (2022), 791 - 792. DOI

Digital Sequence Information between Benefit-Sharing and Open Data, Journal of Law and the Biosciences 9, 2 (2022), 1 - 29 (together with Irma Klünker). DOI

• Currently, parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are negotiating a strategic plan to save biodiversity. One crucial element of an agreement is the question of whether and how digital sequence information (DSI) is subject to access and benefit-sharing from the utilization of genetic resources, one main instrument of the CBD. In the EU, the Open Data Directive (ODD) of 2019 and the recently adopted Data Governance Act (DGA) already cover research data and to some extent DSI. An analysis of the ODD and the DGA throws a spotlight on the legal uncertainty of utilizing DSI and reveals systemic tensions between open data principles and benefit-sharing restrictions on non-commercial use. It also suggests that a future benefit-sharing mechanism for DSI should avoid distinguishing between commercial and non-commercial use upstream, but should instead favor a solution, which imposes benefit-sharing obligations further downstream or outside of the DSI life cycle.
• Aufsatz - Richter, Heiko_Digital Sequence Information_JLB_2022.pdf
• Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 22-11

2022: Ankunft im Post-Open-Data-Zeitalter. Die Zukunft der Regulierung von Daten des öffentlichen Sektors, Zeitschrift für Datenschutz 12, 1 (2022), 3 - 8.

EU Digital Regulation 2022: Data Desiderata, GRUR Int 71, 5 (2022), 395 - 402 (together with Peter Georg Picht). DOI

• With the drafts of the Digital Markets Act (DMA), the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the Data Governance Act (DGA), the EU Commission presented three cornerstones of its digital regulation approach in November and December of 2020. This article looks at data transactions and focuses on four aspects which illustrate that the proposed Acts leave ample room for improvement in terms of the coherence and specificity of their respective rules: the specificity of data-related provisions; the role of FRAND in the Package context; the role of data intermediaries; and the upcoming Data Act. Beyond diagnosis, the article calls for an integrative approach and proposes improvements. It aims to spark a more intense discourse on data transactions under the Package.
• Also published under the title: The Proposed EU Digital Services Regulation 2020: Data Desiderata as Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 21-21

Informationsfreiheit und Open Data in der Ukraine: Kritische Würdigung anlässlich der Tromsø-Konvention - Teil 2, Wirtschaft und Recht in Osteuropa 30, 10 (2021), 293 - 296 (together with Sophia Sorg).

Informationsfreiheit und Open Data in der Ukraine: Kritische Würdigung anlässlich der Tromsø-Konvention - Teil 1, Wirtschaft und Recht in Osteuropa 30, 9 (2021), 262 - 266 (together with Sophia Sorg).

Zum Infrastrukturansatz als Funktionsbedingung für eine freie informationsbasierte Gesellschaft, Zeitschrift für Geistiges Eigentum 13, 4 (2021), 437 - 457. DOI

• Im Zentrum dieses Beitrages steht der Infrastrukturansatz für Informationen des öffentlichen Sektors. Dieser ermöglicht es, informationsbezogene Ordnungsrahmen wettbewerbs- und innovationsbezogen auszurichten und gleichzeitig die öffentliche Informationsversorgung sicherzustellen. Der Beitrag formuliert das Ausgangsproblem, skizziert die Annahmen und die Herleitung eines theoretischen Fundaments zur Lösung des Problems und stellt sodann den Gehalt des Infrastrukturansatzes im Einzelnen dar. Schließlich beleuchtet der Beitrag das gesellschaftliche Potenzial, das mit dem Infrastrukturansatz verbunden ist. So soll deutlich werden, dass der Infrastrukturansatz in der Schnittfläche von Staat und Markt eine Funktionsbedingung für eine freie informationsbasierte Gesellschaft bildet.

Europäisches Datenprivatrecht: Lehren aus dem Kommissionsvorschlag für eine "Verordnung über europäische Daten-Governance", Zeitschrift für Europäisches Privatrecht 29, 3 (2021), 634 - 666.

Lehren aus der jüngeren Gesetzgebung zur wirtschaftlichen Nutzung von Informationen der öffentlichen Hand, Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 40, 11 (2021), 760 - 768.

Copyright Protection of Government-Related Material Before the Courts of the United States and Canada: Considerations for Future Reforms, IIC 52, 1 (2021), 6 - 33. DOI

• Copyright protection of government-related material lies at the intersection of private incentives, public interest, and political motivation. These interests naturally clash. Therefore, the justification and scope of copyright protection for such materials has been the subject of intense controversy ever since. Recently, the Supreme Court of the United States and the Supreme Court of Canada handed down landmark decisions on the application of the respective century-old doctrines and provisions. Moreover, courts in the U.S. and Canada have lately addressed the protectability of privately created, government-adopted industry standards. This article takes these decisions as an occasion to reflect on the copyright protection of government-related material against the background of rapid technological advancement and substantial ongoing societal and political change. Taking into account the regulatory experiences in the EU, this article questions the prevalent assumptions of trustworthy state action and undistorted functioning of markets, which considerably underlie the design of current government copyright regimes around the globe. In this light, the article aims to provide avenues for future legislative reforms that address the copyright of government-related materials. It suggests a more focused, nuanced, and holistic regulatory approach for strengthening and maintaining open, democratic societies.

Zugang des Staates zu Daten der Privatwirtschaft, Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik 53, 8 (2020), 245 - 248.

Neues zum Werkbegriff und zur Erstveröffentlichung? Das Zusammenspiel zwischen Urheber- und Informationszugangsrecht vor dem BVerwG, GRUR 122, 4 (2020), 358 - 361.

Informationen der öffentlichen Hand als Rohstoff für den Datenjournalismus. Rechtliche Gestaltungsprinzipien zum Erhalt der Meinungsvielfalt, UFITA 2019,1 (2019), 196 - 237. DOI

• In der Presselandschaft entwickelt sich der Datenjournalismus mittlerweile von einer Randerscheinung hin zu einer festen redaktionellen Größe. Entsprechend wächst seine Bedeutung für die öffentliche Meinungsbildung. „Datenjournalismus“ erfasst sowohl Rechercheansätze als auch Veröffentlichungsformen, bei denen Datensätze im Mittelpunkt stehen.
  Eine wichtige Datenquelle bilden dabei Informationen der öffentlichen Hand. Allerdings kann die öffentliche Hand ihrerseits die Weitergabe von Informationen als strategisches Instrument zur Selbstdarstellung begreifen und auf diesem Weg die öffentliche Meinung ebenso breitenwirksam wie subtil prägen. Der Datenjournalismus befindet sich dann in der
  ambivalenten Rolle, sowohl als Mittler als auch als Wachhund in Bezug auf solche Informationen zu fungieren. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, welche Möglichkeiten der öffentlichen Hand eröffnet sind, sich durch die digitale Informationsweitergabe selbstdarzustellen. Dafür ana-
  lysiert er den geltenden Rechtsrahmen mit besonderem Blick auf den Datenjournalismus. Berücksichtigt werden dabei auch Wirkzusammenhänge und empirische Befunde. Auf Grundlage der Analyse formuliert der Beitrag Gestaltungsprinzipien, nach denen sich der
  Rechtsrahmen für die Informationsweitergabe der öffentlichen Hand fortentwickeln lässt.
  Diese Prinzipien sollen letztlich dazu beitragen, die für die Demokratie unabdingbare Meinungsvielfalt in einer zunehmend datengetriebenen Gesellschaft zu gewährleisten.

The Data Sharing Economy: On the Emergence of New Intermediaries, IIC 50, 1 (2019), 4 - 29 (together with Peter R. Slowinski). DOI

• Data-driven markets depend on access to data as a resource for products and services. Since the quality of information that can be drawn from data increases with the available amount and quality of the data, businesses involved in the data economy have a great interest in accessing data from other market players. However, companies still appear to be reluctant to share their data. Therefore, the key question is how data sharing can be incentivized. This article focuses on data sharing platforms, which are emerging as new intermediaries and can play a vital role in the data economy, as they may increase willingness to share data. By comparing data sharing to the exchange of patents based on the FRAND principles, this article suggests a possible way for self-regulation to provide more transparency and fairness in the growing markets for data sharing.

The Intellectual Property Chapter of the Association Agreement between the EU and Ukraine, GRUR Int 68, 1 (2019), 28 - 32 (together with Moritz Sutterer).

Open Science and Public Sector Information – Reconsidering the exemption for educational and research establishments under the Directive on re-use of public sector information, Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law 9, 1 (2018), 51 - 74.

• The article discusses the possibilities of including public research and educational establishments within the scope of the Directive regulating the re-use of public sector information (2003/98/EC – ‘PSI Directive’). It subsequently evaluates the legal consequences of such an inclusion. Focusing on scientific information, the analysis connects the long-standing debates about open access and open educa-tion to open government data. Their common driving force is the call for a wide-spread dissemination of publicly funded information. However, the regulatory standard set out by the PSI Directive is characterized by considerable legal uncer-tainty. Therefore, it is difficult to derive robust assumptions that can form the ba-sis for predicting the effects of extending the PSI Directive’s scope to research in-formation. A potential revision of the PSI Directive should reduce this uncertain-ty. Moreover, PSI regulation must account for the specific incentives linked to the creation and dissemination of research results. This seems of primary importance for public-private research collaborations because there is a potential risk that a full application of the PSI Directive might unduly affect incentives for such col-laborations.
• http://www.jipitec.eu/issues/jipitec-9-1-2018/4679

„Open Government Data“ für Daten des Bundes - Die Open-Data-Regelung der §§ 12 a, 19 E-Government-Gesetz, Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 36, 19 (2017), 1408 - 1413.

• Die am 13.7.2017 in Kraft getretene „Open-Data-Regelung“ des § 12 a EGovG verpflichtet Behörden der unmittelbaren Bundesverwaltung zur Veröffentlichung strukturierter, unbearbeiteter Daten. Mit Blick auf die bevorstehende Umsetzung in den Ländern erörtert der Beitrag Auslegungsprobleme und vertieft weiterführende, übergreifende Rechtsfragen.

Zur Weiterverwendung von Informationen der öffentlichen Hand: BVerwG klärt erstmals grundsätzliche Anwendungsvoraussetzungen des IWG, Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 35, 16 (2016), 1143 - 1146.

Die kartellrechtliche Unwirksamkeit von Schiedsvereinbarungen: Zur Gewährleistung von Verfahrensgarantien mittels des europäischen und deutschen Kartellrechts, WuW 11 (2015), 1078 - 1093 (together with Philipp Eckel).

Fingierte Belobigungen im Internet – Eine lauterkeits- und vertragsrechtliche Analyse am Beispiel von Hotelbewertungsportalen, WRP 57, 7 (2011), 814 - 826 (together with Alexander Ahrens).

Joint Ventures in the Video on Demand Sector – Challenges for Merger Control in Europe, Columbia Journal for European Law 17 (2011), 57.

Referendarexamensklausur – Zivilrecht: Beförderungsvertrag und Fluggastverordnung – Flugverspätung dank Aschewolke, Juristische Schulung 50, 9 (2010), 805 - 811.

Anti-Terrorismusgesetzgebung in Deutschland – eine Institutionenökonomische Analyse, Humboldt Forum Recht 2008, 231 - 251.

• Was vermag Recht in Zeiten des Terrors zu leisten? Diese Frage erörtert der Autor anhand eines interdisziplinären Ansatzes, nämlich der ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts. Ausgehend von der Identifikation ökonomischer Charakteristika des globalen Terrorismus ergeben sich für die institutionelle Gestaltung von Gegenmaßnahmen grundsätzliche Implikationen. Diese werden als Maßstab dazu herangezogen, die gegenwärtige Anti-Terrorismusgesetzgebung in Deutschland auf den institutionenökonomischen Prüfstand zu stellen. Der Autor weist nach, dass das Spannungsfeld zwischen Freiheit und Sicherheit bzw. zwischen Rechtsstaat und Überwachungsstaat, welches die juristische Debatte in der Bundesrepublik dominiert, letztlich auf ökonomische Dilemmastrukturen zurückzuführen ist. Abschließend werden institutionelle Lösungsansätze im Hinblick auf ökonomische Neben- bzw. Wechselwirkungen und Grundgesetzkonformität diskutiert.
  
• Anti-Terrorismusgesetzgebung-in-Deutschland_HFR_2008-19.pdf

Möglichkeiten zur Verwendung von Studiengebühren – Wertkettenansatz von Porter, Wissenschaftsmanagement 13, 2 (2007), 34 - 41 (together with Jens Heiling).

Entscheidungsmodell zur Verwendung von Studiengebühren, Wissenschaftsmanagement 13, 4 (2007), 33 - 40 (together with Jens Heiling).

Case notes

Anmerkung zu EuGH, Urteil vom 14.11.2018 – C-215/17, Nova Kreditna Banka Maribor - Zugang zu Informationen öffentlicher Unternehmen zulässig, GRUR-Prax 10, 24 (2018), 581.

Anmerkung zu BGH, Urteil vom 29.03.2018 - I ZR 34/17, Kein Verstoß gegen Tarifpflicht bei Rabattaktion - Bonusaktion für Taxi App, Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 71, 34 (2018), 2484 - 2489.

Anmerkung zu LG Bonn, Urteil vom 15.11.2017 - 16 O 21/16, Kostenfreie Wetter-App des DWD ist unzulässig - WarnWetter-App, GRUR-Prax 10, 2 (2018), 60.

Anmerkung zu BVerwG, Urteil vom 20.10.2016 – 7 C 6/15, Kosten für die Gewährung von Informationszugang, Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 36, 7 (2017), 487 - 488.

Anmerkung zu BGH, Urteil vom 10.11.2016 - I ZR 29/15, Schaufensterware ohne Preis verstößt nicht gegen PAngV, GRUR-Prax 9, 3 (2017), 83.

Anmerkung zu BVerwG, Urteil vom 29.6.2016 – 7 C 32/15, Informationszugang zu Unterlagen aus einem Vertragsverletzungsverfahren, Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 35, 21 (2016), 1570 - 1572.

Anmerkung zu EuGH, Urteil vom 19.10.2016 – C-582/14, Speicherung von IP-Adressen beim Besuch einer Website, Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht 27, 23 (2016), 912 - 914.

Comment on "Central Negotiating Mandate" -Decision of the Federal Supreme Court (Bundesgerichtshof) 6 October 2015 – Case No. KZR 17/14, IIC 47, 3 (2016), 373 - 381. DOI

Anmerkung zu VG Köln, Urteil vom 22.9.2014 – 13 K 4674/13, Pflicht zur Herausgabe einer indizierten Filmkopie durch die BPjM, MMR 2 (2015), 127 - 131.

Anmerkung zu BVerwG, Urteil vom 25.6.2015 – 7 C 1/14, Informationszugang zu Arbeiten der Wissenschaftlichen Dienste des Bundestags, Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 68, 44 (2015), 3262 - 3263 (together with Michael W. Müller).

Reviews

Review of: Specht-Riemenschneider, Louisa; Hennemann, Moritz: Data Governance Act: DGA, Handkommentar, Nomos, Baden-Baden 2023, ISBN 978-3-8487-8340-3, ZD-Aktuell 13, 15 (2023).

Review of: Gintarė Surblytė-Namavičienė: Competition and Regulation in the Data Economy: Does Artificial Intelligence Demand a New Balance?, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham (U.K.) und Northampton (USA) 2020. V + 285 S. ISBN: 978-1-788811-664-0, Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law 12, 4 (2021), 474 - 477.

Review of: Stefan A. Schmidt: Zugang zu Daten nach europäischem Kartellrecht, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2020. XXII + 629 S. ISBN: 978-3-16-159580-6, IIC 52, 3 (2021), 370 - 374. DOI

Review of: Daniela Heinemann (Hrsg.): Praxiskommentar Transparenzgesetz (LTranspG RLP), Grundlagen des LTranspG und das Verhältnis zum Informations- und Datenschutzrecht, Springer Gabler 2019. 424 S. ISBN: 978-3-658-18436-0, Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 39, 1-2 (2020), 41.

Review of: Dacian C. Dragos, Polonca Kovač, Albert T. Marseille (Hrsg.): The Laws of Transparency in Action - A European Perspective, Palgrave Macmillan 2019. 666 S. ISBN: 978-3-319-76459-7, IIC 51, 1 (2020), 137 - 139.

Review of: Mat Callahan and Jim Rogers (eds.): A Critical Guide to Intellectual Property, Zed Books, London 2017. 281 S. ISBN: 978-1-78699-114-0, IIC 49, 4 (2018), 503 - 505. DOI

Review of: Wirtz, Hannah: Die Kommerzialisierung kultureller Informationen der öffentlichen Hand. Auswirkungen der Einbeziehung kultureller Einrichtungen in den Anwendungsbereich der PSI-Richtlinie (Beiträge zum Informationsrecht; Band 38), Duncker & Humblot Berlin 2017. 340 S. ISBN 978-3-428-14918-6, Bulletin Kunst & Recht 9, 1 (2018), 154 - 155.

Review of: Daly, Angela, Private Power, Online Information Flows and EU Law: Mind the Gap, Oxford, Portland/Oregon: Hart (2016), International journal of law and information technology 25, 3 (2017), 239 - 241. DOI

Rezension Epstein, Lee/Landes, William M./Posner, Richard A.: The Behavior of Federal Judges – A Theoretical & Empirical Study of Rational Choice. – Cambridge/Massachusetts, London/England: Harvard University Press (2013), Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht 78, 4 (2014), 932 - 939.

Conference Reports

"Artificial Intelligence, Innovation and Competition: New Tools, New Rules?" – Report on the Conference of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition in collaboration with the MPI Alumni Association in Munich, 5 July 2019, GRUR Int 68, 8/9 (2019), 794 - 798 (together with Jure Globocnik, Luc Desaunettes).

• Event: Conference of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition in collaboration with the MPI Alumni Association, Munich, 2019-07-05

Research Papers

Technical Aspects of Artificial Intelligence: An Understanding from an Intellectual Property Law Perspective (Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper, No. 19-13), 2019, 15 pp. (together with Josef Drexl et al.).

• The present Q&A paper aims at providing an overview of artificial intelligence with a special focus on machine learning as a currently predominant subfield thereof. Machine learning-based applications have been discussed intensely in legal scholarship, including in the field of intellectual property law, while many technical aspects remain ambiguous and often cause confusion.
  This text was drafted by the Research Group on the Regulation of the Digital Economy of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition in the pursuit of understanding the fundamental characteristics of artificial intelligence, and machine learning in particular, that could potentially have an impact on intellectual property law. As a background paper, it provides the technological basis for the Group’s ongoing research relating thereto. The current version summarises insights gained from background literature research, interviews with practitioners and a workshop conducted in June 2019 in which experts in the field of artificial intelligence participated.
• Available at SSRN

Opinions

Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition of 25 May 2022 on the Commission's Proposal of 23 February 2022 for a Regulation on Harmonised Rules on Fair Access to and Use of Data (Data Act), 2022, 124 pp. (together with Josef Drexl et al.).

• On 23 February 2022, the European Commission issued a Proposal for a Regulation on harmonised rules on fair access to and use of data (Data Act). The overarching objective of the Proposal is to ‘ensure fairness in the digital environment, stimulate a competitive data market, open opportunities for data-driven innovation and make data available for all’. The Institute hereby presents its Position Statement that features a comprehensive analysis of whether and to what extent the proposed rules might reach the envisaged objectives. It comments on all parts of the Proposal, including the new IoT data access and use right. Finally, the Institute offers a set of recommendations as to how the proposed provisions should be amended in the legislative process to align them better with the objectives of the Data Act.
• Position_Statement_MPI_Data_Act_Formal__13.06.2022.pdf
• Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 22-05

Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property Law - Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition of 9 April 2021 on the Current Debate, 2021, 26 pp. (together with Josef Drexl et al.).

• This Position Statement presents a broad overview of issues arising at the intersection of AI and IP law based on the work of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition research group on Regulation of the Digital Economy. While the analysis is approached mainly from a perspective de lege lata, it also identifies questions which require further reflection de lege ferenda supported by in-depth interdisciplinary research. The scope is confined to substantive European IP law, in particular, as regards copyright, patents, designs, databases and trade secrets. Specific AI-related issues are mapped out around the core questions of IP law, namely, the eligibility for protection under the respective IP regimes, allocation of rights and the scope of protection. The structure of the analysis reflects three key components of AI: inputs required for the development of AI systems, AI as a process and the output of AI applications. Overall, it is emphasised that, while recent legal and policy discussions have mostly focused on AI-aided and AI-generated output, a more holistic view that accounts for the role of IP law across the AI innovation cycle is indispensable.
• MPI_PositionPaper__SSRN_21-10.pdf
• Also published as Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 21-10

Stellungnahme zum Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Änderung des E-Government-Gesetzes und zur Einführung des Gesetzes für die Nutzung von Daten des öffentlichen Sektors vom 17.12.2020, 2021, 20 pp.

• 0_Richter_Stellungnahme_Open_Data_Gesetz_210112.pdf

Gesetz über die urheberrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit von Diensteanbietern für das Teilen von Online-Inhalten (Urheberrechts-Diensteanbieter-Gesetz – UrhDaG) - Stellungnahme zum Referentenentwurf vom 2. September 2020, 2020, 20 pp. (together with Reto M. Hilty et al.).

• Stellungnahme_UrhDaG_Referententwurf_MPI - 16.11.2020.pdf

Comments of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition of 11 February 2020 on the Draft Issues Paper of the World Intellectual Property Organization on Intellectual Property Policy and Artificial Intelligence, 2020, 9 pp. (together with Josef Drexl et al.).

• WIPO AI Draft Issue Paper_Comments_Max Planck.pdf

Stellungnahme zum Regierungsentwurf vom 23. Januar 2019 für ein Thüringer Transparenzgesetz, 2019, 15 pp. (together with Reto M. Hilty).

• MPI_Stellungnahme_Regierungsentwurf_Thu__ringer_Transparenzgesetz.pdf

Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition of 26 April 2017 on the European Commission's "Public consultation on Building the European Data Economy", 2017, 13 pp. (together with Josef Drexl et al.).

• This Position Statement responds to the Communication of 10 January 2017 by which the European Commission launched a public consultation on the future legal framework for data-driven markets that emerge in the course of the current digitization of industrial production and the advent of smart products in which sensors are embedded. In particular, the Position Statement comments the Commission’s ideas on a possible future data producer’s right as a means of promoting access to data. While the Max Plank Institute agrees that there are indeed instances where there is a need to “unlock data”, it rejects a data producer’s right. Rather, the Institute recommends considering more targeted data access rights that would specifically react to situations in which a manufacturer of smart products would otherwise try to reserve related markets for itself. The Max Planck Institute thereby takes inspiration from the data portability right that has already been implemented as part of the Basic Data Protection Regulation. Moreover, general principles on the design of data access regimes are developed. In sum, the Max Planck Institute favours a sector-specific approach to the introduction of a general data access right or a generally applicable data access regime. Sector-specific rules are especially needed for answering more concrete questions such as regarding the person entitled to claim access or the one of whether a data holder should be remunerated for granting access to data.
• MPI_Statement_Public_consultation_on_Building_the_EU_Data_Eco_28042017 Copy.pdf
• Chinese Translation of the Position Statement
• Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 17-08

Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition on the Proposed Modernisation of European Copyright Rules Part B Exceptions and Limitations (Art. 3 – Text and Data Mining), 2017, 27 pp. (together with Reto M. Hilty).

• In Article 3 of the “Proposal for a Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market COM(2016) 593 final” the European Commission suggests an exception for text and data mining (TDM). While, in principle, a clear legal framework for TDM is to be welcomed, the proposed provisions are to be criticized regarding their scope and the applied regulatory method. This Position Statement develops an alternative proposal: Since TDM is to be seen as a normal use of works and other protected subject-matter, a field exemption is suggested allowing everyone to carry out TDM related to lawfully accessible works or other subject-matter. This includes the permission to extract contents of databases and to make reproductions for the sole purpose of TDM. Moreover, research organizations also need to carry out TDM regarding content to which they do not have lawful access. The proposal includes a specific provision obliging rightholders who market works or other subject-matter primarily for research purposes to provide datasets suitable for TDM only, for which they may request a reasonable payment.
• MPI_Position_Statement_Part_B_Chapter_1_Update23022017.pdf
• SSRN - Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 17-02
• Also published in: Hilty, Reto M.; Moscon, Valentina: Modernisation of the EU Copyright Rules - Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Munich 2017, 25 - 34 under the title: Part B – Copyright Exceptions and Limitations, Chapter 1: Text and Data Mining (Article 3 COM(2016) 593 final)

Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition of August 16, 2016 - On the current debate on exclusive rights and access rights to data at the European level, 2016, 12 pp. (together with Josef Drexl et al.).

• Also published in GRUR Int under the title: Ausschließlichkeits- und Zugangsrechte an Daten - Positionspapier des Max-Planck-Instituts für Innovation und Wettbewerb vom 16.8.2016 zur aktuellen europäischen Debatte, GRUR Int 65,10 (2016), 914 - 918
• This position statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition has been released against the background of the European Free Flow of Data Initiative of the European Commission and the on-going political, economic and academic debate on the related issues. The Institute takes a stance as regards the introduction of exclusive rights in data, special legal protection of algorithms used in data analysis, as well as the questions on the applicability of the current EU legal framework for the sui-generis database rights and trade secrets to individual data and data-sets. The Institute sees no economic justification for the introduction of new exclusive rights in data, which could even hamper the functioning of the data-driven economy. In contrast, the statement emphasizes the importance of access to data in order to ensure the proper functioning of data-driven markets. It identifies the need for further research in this regard and recommends the general approach and principles to be considered if the special regulation of access to data is necessary.
• Positionspaper-Data-Eng-08-31_def-korr Copy.pdf
• Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 16-10 under the title: Data Ownership and Access to Data - Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition of 16 August 2016 on the Current European Debate

Further Publications, Press Articles, Interviews

Proposed EU Data Laws Leave Researchers Out in the Cold, Nature 2023 (together with Nic Fleming).

• https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-01572-2

Notfälle & Co: Wie viel Datenzugang für den Staat? - Interview, Der Tagesspiegel Background Digitalisierung & KI 13.03.2023.

Data Act - Where Are We? - Podcast-Interview von Luca Bertuzzi, EURACTIV.com 2022.

• The Data Act has the grand ambition of creating a market for non-personal data in Europe. We discussed with Heiko Richter, a researcher from the Max Planck Institute, the current state of the policy discussions on the new data law and the pitfalls that need to be avoided.
• https://www.euractiv.com/section/digital/podcast/data-act-where-are-we/

Kommunale Daten, Städte ringen um Datenhoheit, Interview, Tagesspiegel Background Smart City & Verwaltung 31.05.2022.

Neue Spielregeln für Tech-Riesen - Ein Interview zum neuen Digital Markets Act der EU - Short version, MaxPlanckForschung 1/22 (2022), 78.

• https://www.mpg.de/18336470/neue-regeln-fuer-tech-riesen

Data Desiderata: On the Proposed EU Digital Services Regulation 2020, Oxford Business Law Blog 2021 (together with Peter Georg Picht).

• https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/business-law-blog/blog/2021/11/data-desiderata-proposed-eu-digital-services-regulation-2020

Datentreuhandmodelle - Themenpapier, 2020, 10 pp., 28.04.2020 (together with Aline Blankertz et al.).

• Datentreuhandmodelle werden im politischen Raum im Zusammenhang mit der
  Lösung unterschiedlicher Fragestellungen der Datenpolitik diskutiert. Eine gereifte
  wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit den verschiedenen Modellen, ihren
  Zwecken, Randbedingungen und Limitationen ist derzeit noch nicht verfügbar. Als
  Hilfestellung für die politische Debatte und Entscheidungsfindung haben wir als
  Expertin und Experten, die das Thema aus unterschiedlichem Blickwinkel bearbeiten,
  die nachfolgende zusammenfassende Darstellung erstellt.
• Richter_Datentreuhandmodelle.pdf

Vom Drang, Freiheit zu regulieren, MaxPlanckForschung 3/19 (2019), 10 (together with Reto M. Hilty).

• https://www.mpg.de/13879457/W001_Zur-Sache_010-015.pdf