Dr. Valentina Moscon

Edited Works

Smart Urban Mobility - Law, Regulation, and Policy (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 29), Springer, Berlin; Heidelberg 2020, VI + 340 pp. (together with Michele Finck et al.).

Modernisation of the EU Copyright Rules - Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition (Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper, No. 17-12 ), Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Munich 2017, 208 pp. (together with Reto M. Hilty).

• E-Book - Hilty - Moscon - 18.09.2017.pdf
• Available at SSRN

Contributions to Collected Editions, Commentaries, Handbooks and Encyclopaedias

Data Access Rules, Copyright and Technological Protection Measures in the EU, in: Kreation Innovation Märkte - Creation Innovation Markets - Festschrift Reto M. Hilty, Springer, Berlin; Heidelberg 2024, 1033 - 1053. DOI

Academic Authors, Copyright and Dissemination of Knowledge: A Comparative Overview, in: Enrico Bondadio, Cristiana Sappa (eds.), The Subjects of Literary and Artistic Copyright, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA 2022, 58 - 77 (together with Marco Bellia).

• This article examines how copyright law protect academics in the Italian, German, and US jurisdictions and how academic authors use copyright vis-à-vis intermediaries (i.e. universities and publishers). The analysis shows that many academics are dissatisfied with how copyright works in the research sector and although the debate on this issue has been ongoing for several years now, the solutions proposed so far have not led to satisfactory results. This article presents these solutions and touches on a possible alternative that holds the promise of a fairer and more efficient copyright scientific publishing industry.
• Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 21-27

An International Instrument on Permitted Uses in Copyright Law, in: Shyamkrishna Balganesh, Ng-Loy Wee Loon, Haochen Sun (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Copyright Limitations and Exceptions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2021, 59 - 73 (together with Reto M. Hilty).

• Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 18-14 under the title: Permitted Uses in Copyright Law - Is There Need for an International Instrument?

Smart Urban Mobility as a Regulatory Challenge, in: Michele Finck et al. (ed.), Smart Urban Mobility - Law, Regulation, and Policy (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 29), Springer, Berlin 2020, 1 - 17 (together with Michele Finck et al.). DOI

• The ‘smart city’ has become shorthand for developments in technology that influence how cities are organised and how citizens coexist in them. ‘Smart mobility’, one of its most visible sub-domains, has been considerably affected by ecological, demographic and economic pressures. Emerging methods of transporta-
  tion and innovative business models can overcome old problems, but they also pose
  new societal, economic and legal challenges. This introduction aims to shed light on
  the law, regulation and policy of ‘smart urban mobility’ by critically examining its
  substantial transformation from a regulatory perspective. It outlines the notion of the
  ‘smart city’, highlights trends in ‘smart’ urban mobility, points to related legal
  challenges and explains the conception and chapters of this book.

Digital Markets, Rules of Conduct, and Liability of Online Intermediaries-Analysis of Two Case Studies: Unfair Commercial Practices and Trade Secrets Infringement, in: Giancarlo Frosio (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Online Intermediary Liability, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2020, 421 - 443 (together with Reto M. Hilty).

Use and Abuse of Neighbouring Rights and the Growing Need for a Sound Understanding: The Case of Online News Protection in Europe, in: Susy Frankel (ed.), The Object and Purpose of Intellectual Property (ATRIP Intellectual Property Series), Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA 2019, 308 - 332.

Responsabilità Solidale della Galleria d’Arte per Violazione del Diritto d’Autore. Il Caso Vedova-De Lutti, in: Teresa Pasquino (ed.), Antologia di Casi Giurisprudenziali. Materiali per lo Studio del Diritto Privato, 3. ed., Giappichelli, Torino 2019, 189 - 204.

Neighbouring Rights: In Search of a Dogmatic Foundation. The Press Publishers' Case, in: Taina Pihlajarinne, Juha Vesala, Olli Honkkila (eds.), Online Distribution of Content in the EU, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA 2019, 40 - 61.

• Also published as Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 18-17

Part F - Claims to Fair Compensation (Article 12 COM(2016) 593 final), in: Reto M. Hilty, Valentina Moscon (eds.), Modernisation of the EU Copyright Rules - Modernisation of the EU Copyright Rules - Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition (Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper, No. 17-12), Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Munich 2017, 89 - 98 (together with Reto M. Hilty).

Part E - Protection of Press Publications Concerning Digital Uses (Article 11 COM(2016) 593 final), in: Reto M. Hilty, Valentina Moscon (eds.), Modernisation of the EU Copyright Rules - Modernisation of the EU Copyright Rules - Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition (Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper, No. 17-12), Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Munich 2017, 79 - 88 (together with Reto M. Hilty).

Part D - Copyright Contract Law (Article 10 and Articles 14-16 COM(2016) 593 final), in: Reto M. Hilty, Valentina Moscon (eds.), Modernisation of the EU Copyright Rules - Modernisation of the EU Copyright Rules - Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition (Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper, No. 17-12), Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Munich 2017, 71 - 78 (together with Reto M. Hilty).

Part B - Copyright Exceptions and Limitations, Chapter 4: Implementation of Marrakesh Treaty (COM(2016) 596 final and COM(2016) 595 final), in: Reto M. Hilty, Valentina Moscon (eds.), Modernisation of the EU Copyright Rules - Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition (Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper, No. 17-12), Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Munich 2017, 51 - 60 (together with Reto M. Hilty, Silke von Lewinski).

Part A - General Remarks, in: Reto M. Hilty, Valentina Moscon (eds.), Modernisation of the EU Copyright Rules - Modernisation of the EU Copyright Rules - Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition (Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper, No. 17-12), Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Munich 2017, 13 - 23 (together with Reto M. Hilty).

Open Access, Open Science, Open Society, in: Fernando Loizides, Birgit Schmidt (eds.), Positioning and Power in Academic Publishing: Players, Agents and Agendas: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Electronic Publishing, IOS Press, Amsterdam 2016, 75 - 86 (together with Roberto Caso et al.). DOI

Open Access Implementation: From a Bottom-up Order to a Top Down Disorder? The Italian Work, in: Raquel de Román Pérez (ed.), Propiedad Intelectual en las Universidades Públicas: Titularidad, Gestión y Transferencia, Editorial Comares, Albolote (Granada) 2016, 377 - 393 (together with Roberto Caso).

Proprietà intellettuale e scienza aperta, in: Giovanni Pascuzzi (ed.), Il diritto dell'era digitale (Manuali), Il Mulino, Bologna 2016, 289 - 304.

Academic Freedom, Copyright, and Access to Scholarly Works: A Comparative Perspective, in: Roberto Caso, Federica Giovanella (eds.), Balancing Copyright Law in the Digital Age, Springer, Berlin; Heidelberg 2015, 99 - 135. DOI

• The right to academic freedom protected both under international treaties and national constitutions is at the very heart of social, cultural, and economic development. As far as scientific research and teaching are concerned, copyright has to be considered within the context of a proper balancing of rights. This issue will be addressed taking into account the traditional publication model in light of the peculiarities of scientific research, including the mechanisms of evaluating research and the relevant stakeholders’s interests that differ from those characterizing other sectors of content production. We will analyze whether the current practice in academic content dissemination and legal framework are compliant with academic freedom principles, considering the role of copyright in science. Since effective protection of academic freedom also depends on the possibility of access to knowledge, we will examine whether and how the open access model can achieve a proper balance between the rights at stake, looking at legal instruments recently issued by Italian, German, and US legislatures. Proposal for copyright provisions tailored to specific needs of the scientific field will be considered as well.

University Knowledge Transfer: From Fundamental Rights to Open Access Within International Law, in: Guiseppe Bellantuono, Fabiano Teodoro Lara (eds.), Law, Development and Innovation (SxI - Springer for Innovation / SxI - Springer per l'Innovazione, 13), Springer 2015, 147 - 189. DOI

• Education, research, cooperation, and social participation all play a role in innovation as a catalyst for economic and social progress. Universities are among the chief stakeholders in this process. Nonetheless privatization of scientific outputs weakens the benefits of science to society and undermines the norms of science, which are based on accessing and sharing knowledge. Indeed, there is growing disorder in setting university missions whereby IP is evaluated as a value in of itself. Yet, scientific results are a collective achievement, built on vast quantities of publicly funded research and university knowledge transfer occurs mostly through open conferences, databases, and publications. This chapter focuses on scholarly publishing as a segment of knowledge transfer. It will examine open access as a tool that, according to a holistic approach, contributes to establishing a balance among all basic rights at stake, including academic freedom. The idea of a pluralistic system of knowledge transfer where “open” and “proprietary” models are not mutually exclusive will be defended. Moreover, an incentive-oriented copyright change, tailored to the specific needs of research, might be built on the TRIPS flexibility. While TRIPS prohibits discrimination, it does not prevent States from treating different situations differently. Accordingly, we might imagine a paradigm shift in the protection of academic works. Indeed, while moral right is a cornerstone, commercial exploitation of publications is not the aim of academic authors. Therefore, applying a “functional” perspective to IP the work should be protectable as long as its market needs to be preserved.

Proprietà, possesso e detenzione. Disponibilità materiale della cosa e animus possidendi nella giurisprudenza della Suprema Corte (Ownership, possession and detention in Italian case law), in: Teresa Pasquino (ed.), Antologia di casi giurisprudenziali. Materiali per lo studio del diritto privato (Case law on private law), Giappichelli 2015, 151 - 164.

Autonomia negoziale e contratto atipico. Il caso del contratto di edizione musicale (Freedom of negotiation and atypical contracts. Music Publishing Contracts), in: Teresa Pasquino (ed.), Antologia di casi giurisprudenziali. Materiali per lo studio del diritto privato (Case law on private law), Giappichelli 2015, 175 - 192.

Misure tecnologiche di protezione (diritto d’autore) (Technological Proctection Measures - Copyright), in: Rodolfo Sacco (ed.), Digesto delle discipline privatistiche - Sezione civile, Aggiornamento 8, UTET, Torino 2013.

Le regole della musica nell’era digitale. Tecnologie, modelli di business e paradigmi giuridici (Music, business models and rules in the digital age), in: Alessandro Valenti (ed.), Musica e diritto. La legislazione per lo spettacolo e le attività musicali - norme, contratti, diritti, obblighi, sanzioni (Music and Law), Giappichelli, Torino 2012.

Obbligazioni pecuniarie e datio in solutum: può considerarsi estintivo del debito il pagamento a mezzo assegno circolare, senza consenso del creditore? (Contract law and datio in solutum), in: Teresa Pasquino (ed.), Antologia di casi giurisprudenziali. Materiali per lo studio del diritto privato (Case law on private law), Giapichelli, Torino 2011, 127.

Obbligazioni soggettivamente complesse e condominio: di quelle condominiali i condomini sono responsabili in solido o pro quota? (Joint ownership and liability), in: Teresa Pasquino (ed.), Antologia di casi giurisprudenziali. Materiali per lo studio del diritto privato (Case law on private law), Giapichelli, Torino 2011, 107.

Il ruolo creativo della giurisprudenza nella definizione del sistema di risarcimento del danno non patrimoniale alla persona: dal codice del 1942 alle pronunce di S. Martino (Case Law on Tort law), in: Teresa Pasquino (ed.), Antologia di casi giurisprudenziali. Materiali per lo studio del diritto privato (Case law on private law), Giapichelli, Torino 2011, 227.

"Etica della virtù": una rilettura della riforma del copyright canadese, traduzione italiana di D. Lametti, How Virtue Ethics Might Help Erase C-32’s Conceptual Incoherence, in: Michael Geist (ed.), From "Radical Extremism" to "Balanced Copyright": Canadian Copyright and the Digital Agenda, Irwin Law, Toronto 2010, 309 (together with Giulia Dore).

• Also published in: Diritto dell'informazione e dell'informatica, 2013, 657

Rappresentazione informatica dei diritti e diffusione della conoscenza (Knowledge dissemination and digital rights management), in: Roberto Caso (ed.), Accesso aperto alla conoscenza scientifica e sistema trentino della ricerca (Open Access and scientific knowledge dissemination). Proceedings of the Trento Faculty of Law Conference 5 May 2009, Trento 2010, 147.

• Nell’ambiente digitale, lo sviluppo del Digital Rights Management (DRM) dimostra – non solo nell’area del diritto d’autore – il ruolo centrale della tecnologia, votata a rafforzare e talvolta a sostituire la regolamentazione giuridica. Nell’ambiente informazionale, ogni avanzamento della tecnologia può migliorare l’accesso alla conoscenza e la comunicazione individuale, ma allo stesso tempo può determinare il massimo controllo sul comportamento del singolo. Nello spazio digitale il prevalente strumento di regolamentazione non si identifica nella regola di diritto, ma in ciò che si definisce «architettura»: i comandi sono incorporati nei protocolli di comunicazione di Internet e nelle applicazioni software. Lo standard tecnico, sotto il controllo di chi lo predispone, conferisce di fatto a quest’ultimo il potere di «governare» il comportamento dei fruitori, divenendo dunque fonte di regola. La «rivoluzione» delle tecnologie digitali, in tal senso, investe il sistema delle fonti del diritto. La regolamentazione del controllo delle informazioni digitali trova le sue fonti non solo nel diritto statale, ma anche nel contratto e nella tecnologia (oltre che nella consuetudine). In tale contesto, posto che tra regole informatiche e giuridiche sussiste una sostanziale differenza, sia in termini di legittimazione democratica che di struttura, il diritto è chiamato a rivendicare la propria supremazia, disciplinando la tecnologia e, al contempo, a servirsi di quest’ultima per perseguire i propri obiettivi, così giungendo alla creazione di nuove regole, che non si limitino a reagire alle trasformazioni indotte dalle tecnologie, ma contribuiscano a determinarne i modi di utilizzo . Al fine di comprendere e governare situazioni complesse, quali quelle conseguenti ai mutamenti tecnologici, il costante dialogo tra i saperi e l’analisi interdisciplinare, costituiscono un punto di partenza dal quale non si deve prescindere. Nella società dell’informazione gli eventi umani – fatti dell’uomo – hanno un’effettività sociale particolare in quanto rappresentati in forma di dati all’interno di sistemi informativi. È attraverso la rappresentazione informatica – la forma di espressione maggiormente diffusa – che si svolge gran parte delle attività dotate di implicazioni giuridiche, economiche, amministrative e politiche. Con riguardo alla produzione e diffusione della conoscenza, l’ambiente digitale muta profondamente gli scenari che caratterizzavano il diritto d’autore tradizionale, innescando nuove problematiche. Le tecnologie informatiche e soprattutto l’impiego progressivo di Internet hanno trasformato il meccanismo di trasmissione della conoscenza e di riproduzione della medesima. In particolare, l’antica dinamica di chiusura e apertura del sapere viene riproposta secondo nuovi lineamenti tecnologici. Ad un controllo rigido e accentrato dell’informazione si contrappone un controllo flessibile e decentrato. Da una parte, troviamo un modello giuridico di circolazione della conoscenza basato sul self-enforcing del contratto , mediante misure tecnologiche di protezione (MTP). Questa tipologia di controllo si identifica nel DRM, il cui obiettivo è rendere i termini della licenza per l’accesso e l’uso dell’informazione riconoscibili dai software e dagli apparecchi costruiti per la fruizione dell’informazione. Il DRM, infatti, affida la sua forza all’autotutela tecnologica piuttosto che alla tutela statale . Per mezzo di sistemi DRM – composti sia di tecnologie di gestione delle informazioni sulle regole di utilizzo dei contenuti (metadati e Rights Expression Languages o RELs), sia di tecnologie in grado di dare esecuzione ai medesimi (MTP), impedendo, per esempio, la copia laddove non consentita – è possibile l’applicazione automatica (in personal computer, telefoni cellulari, televisioni, etc.) delle regole contrattuali impiegate per la distribuzione dei contenuti digitali . Dalla parte diametralmente opposta si colloca l’idea dell’accesso aperto alla ricerca scientifica, che ha dato vita al movimento rivoluzionario internazionale oggetto del presente convegno. Puntando ad allargare il ventaglio dei modelli di produzione e commercializzazione dell’informazione scientifica, essa muove dalla necessità di contrastare il rischio che il controllo rigido ed accentrato colonizzi la conoscenza scientifica, anche e soprattutto valorizzando l’uso delle tecnologie informatiche, della Rete, del web e dei nuovi intermediari (archivi istituzionali, motori di ricerca Internet come Google Books Search e Google Scholar, etc.). Tale ultimo profilo presenta aspetti di particolare interesse ed è oggetto di attenzione nel presente contributo; la circolazione dell’informazione in Rete diviene un tema cruciale anche nell’ambito della distribuzione dell’informazione secondo il modello Open Access. Nel tentativo di ovviare alle barriere all’accesso e di favorire la massima visibilità dei risultati, attraverso la creazione di archivi aperti e di riviste di qualità liberamente accessibili, nell’ambito del movimento Open Access (OA) hanno preso vita numerose iniziative, non solo sul piano infrastrutturale, politico, istituzionale e culturale, ma anche tecnologico, per l’interoperabilità e il riuso dei contenuti digitali. Se, infatti, scopo principale del movimento è quello di garantire massima diffusione e riutilizzo dell’informazione e se lo spazio principale di circolazione dei contenuti è rappresentato dal web, gli studi intorno alle tecniche di catalogazione e classificazione dell’informazione e dei relativi diritti nello spazio virtuale meritano particolare attenzione. L’interesse scientifico, di policy e applicativo, è dimostrato non solo dalle diverse iniziative volte alla creazione di standard per la rappresentazione delle informazioni digitali e dei diritti connessi alle risorse digitali, ma anche dalla mobilitazione di organismi internazionali come la WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organisation) e della stessa Commissione Europea. Tutti i progetti che fanno riferimento alla logica OA mostrano forti analogie e, a ben vedere, si intersecano con l’ideologia sottesa alle licenze Creative Commons Licenses (CCLs), ove lo sviluppo e la valutazione della conoscenza si basano sulla collaborazione di una comunità aperta di persone. Le licenze CC sui contenuti digitali rappresentano nuovi modelli di distribuzione della conoscenza in cui gli autori, attraverso l’adozione di un contratto manifestano il consenso allo sfruttamento della propria opera da parte del pubblico. Il movimento CC – da cui promana il progetto Science Commons focalizzato sulla conoscenza scientifica – rappresenta pertanto un importante punto di riferimento, non solo sotto il profilo ideologico e contrattuale ma anche tecnologico: le licenze CC, avvalendosi di alcune tecnologie di riferimento dei sistemi DRM, si manifestano all’utente oltre che in forma leggibile all’uomo anche secondo un modello comprensibile alla macchina (machine-readable). Le stesse tecnologie che consentono ai sistemi DRM di esercitare un rigido controllo sull’informazione, sono sviluppate da CC per facilitare la diffusione e la fruizione dei contenuti, mirando all’opposto obiettivo di un controllo flessibile e decentrato. CC dal 2002 sta infatti lavorando ad un progetto di incorporazione delle regole in codice informatico facendo leva, per prima in questo campo, sulle tecnologie di base del web semantico, allo scopo di rendere le opere distribuite sulla Rete quanto più possibile rintracciabili e riutilizzabili. La realizzabilità di tale progetto presuppone l’elaborazione di metadati a contenuto giuridico destinati a circolare a livello globale; un’impresa che richiede un notevole sforzo di concettualizzazione e rappresentazione delle categorie giuridiche, ponendo in evidenza le questioni connesse alla traduzione ed incorporazione di queste ultime nell’architettura informatica. L’analisi dello stato di avanzamento tecnologico dei RELs rivela gli evidenti limiti delle nuove forme di «comunicazione» destinata alla macchina. Limiti consistenti essenzialmente nel fatto che i linguaggi informatici non sono in grado di supportare la complessità dei concetti giuridici, che sempre implicano interpretazione e specifica applicazione al caso concreto. Scienza giuridica ed informatica sono poste dunque oggi di fronte ad una sfida di grande complessità: consentire la circolazione e fruizione dell’informazione nel web, integrando regole di diritto nell’architettura informatica. Nei successivi paragrafi si intende fornire una breve descrizione di quelle che sono le tecnologie informatiche sviluppate nell’ambito dei sistemi DRM, prima, e da Creative Commons, poi, per la traduzione delle regole in codice informatico, mettendo in luce le differenze e soprattutto i diversi obiettivi perseguiti. Nell’affrontare tale tematica emerge la necessità di calcare percorsi interdisciplinari, gli unici in grado di fornire al giurista gli strumenti per svolgere il proprio ruolo anche nell’ambito di quello che viene definito «spazio digitale».
• http://eprints.biblio.unitn.it/archive/00001785/
• Event: Trento Faculty of Law Conference, Trento, 2009-05-05

Journal Articles

International Instrument on Permitted Uses in Copyright Law, IIC 52, 1 (2021), 62 - 67 (together with Reto M. Hilty et al.). DOI

Tecnologie Blockchain e Gestione Digitale del Diritto d’Autore e Connessi, Il Diritto Industriale 2 (2020), 137 - 147.

Free Circulation of Information and Online Intermediaries: Replacing One "Value Gap" with Another, IIC 51, 8 (2020), 977 - 982. DOI

Copyright Law on Blockchains: Between New Forms of Rights Administration and Digital Rights Management 2.0, IIC 50, 1 (2019), 77 - 108 (together with Michele Finck). DOI

• This article examines the potential and limitations of blockchain technology and blockchain-based smart contracts in relation to copyright. Copyright has long been enforced through technological means, specifically Digital Rights Management. With the emergence of blockchains, many are now predicting a new era regarding the administration and enforcement of copyright through computer code. The article introduces the technology and related potential and limitations while stressing its capacity to act as a form of normative ordering that can express public or private objectives.

The Recommendation on Measures to Safeguard Fundamental Rights and the Open Internet in the Framework of the EU Copyright, EIPR 40, 3 (2018), 149 - 163 (together with Martin Senftleben et al.).

• Article 13 of the Proposed EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market and the accompanying Recital 38 are amongst the most controversial parts of the European Commission’s copyright reform package. Several Members States (Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands and Germany) have submitted questions seeking clarification on aspects that are essential to the guarantee of fundamental rights in the EU and to the future of the Internet as an open communication medium. The following analysis discusses these questions in the light of the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union. It offers guidelines and background information for the improvement of the proposed new legislation.
• Also published at SSRN

The University as a Developer and Keeper of Open Science - The Role of Research Managers and Administrative Staff, European Association of Research Managers and Administrators Newsletter March - May 2016 (2016), 1 - 3 12.05.2016 (together with Vanessa Ravagni).

Perché scegliere l’open access - La libera diffusione dei risultati di ricerca favorisce la collaborazione tra università e imprese, Knowtransfer 4.10 (2014).

• http://knowtransfer.unitn.it/archivio/knowtransfer/10/perche-scegliere-l-open-access.html

Open Access in Italy, Newsletter in IRIS 2014,1 (2014), 24.

Reform in the Field of Neighbouring Rights, Newsletter in IRIS 3 (2012).

Lazio: New Law for Cinema and Audiovisual, Newsletter in IRIS 4 (2012).

Italian Broadcaster Rai Must allow Sky Italia to Broadcast its Channels Free-to-Air, Newsletter in IRIS 8 (2012), 21.

Rights Expression Languages: DRM vs. Creative Commons, J-LIS.IT 2.1 (2011), 4593-1 - 4593-26, 15.06.2011. DOI

• IT technologies and especially the progressive use of Internet have transformed the mechanism of knowledge transmission and its reproduction. We find, on the one hand, a model of knowledge circulation based on contract self-enforcement, through technological protection measures (TPMs). This kind of control is identified in Digital Rights Management (DRM), whose goal is to make the license terms for access and use of information recognizable by the software and equipment made for the use of information. Through DRM systems an automatic application (in personal computers, mobile phones, televisions, etc.) of contractual rules used for the distribution of digital contents is possible. On the other hand, stands the idea of Creative Commons Language which starts from the need to contrast the risk that a rigid and centralized control might colonize knowledge and above all to enhance the use of information technologies, Network, Web and new intermediaries (institutional archives, Internet search engines such as Google Books Search and Google Scholar, etc.). This latter aspect presents features of particular interest and is worthy of attention in this paper. The circulation of information on the Web becomes a key issue. Indeed, if the main purpose of Creative Commons is to ensure maximum diffusion and reuse of information and if the main space for the circulation of content is represented by the Web, the studies on cataloguing techniques, classification of information and the relevant rights in virtual spaces deserve special care. According to Creative Commons licenses (CCLs), the development and evaluation of knowledge are based on the collaboration of an open community of persons. The CC movement represents a landmark, not only from an ideological and contractual point of view, but also from a technological one: CC licenses, using some system technologies similar to those of DRM, appear to users in a readable form and also in a machine-readable form. The technologies which allow DRM systems to exercise strict control over information are developed by CC to facilitate the diffusion and the use of content, aiming at a flexible and decentralized control. The essay is intended to first provide a brief description of the IT technologies developed in DRM systems and by Creative Commons and then, for the translation of rules into IT code, to highlight the differences and, especially, the various achieved purposes.

The Italian Google Verdict, Newsletter in IRIS 6 (2010).

Anti-Piracy Measures Outweigh Private Copying, Newsletter in IRIS 1 (2010).

La “giustizia” del sinallagma contrattuale è rilevante per l’ordinamento giuridico? (Bona fides in contract law), In Pactum 1 (2010), 20.

La rappresentazione informatica dei diritti, tra contratto e diritto d’autore (Computer languages, contracts and copyright law), Ciberspazio e diritto 2010, 587.

• Il presente saggio si colloca nell’ambito di uno studio interdisciplinare che si propone di analizzare alcune problematiche relative alla proprietà intellettuale ed al diritto dei contratti nella costruzione dei linguaggi di rappresentazione dei diritti digitali, nuove tecnologie destinate a costituire uno degli assi portanti della gestione del diritto d’autore nella società dell’informazione. Da una parte si delinea un modello di circolazione della conoscenza basato sul self-enforcing del contratto, dall’altra emerge il modello dell’accesso aperto all’informazione. Puntando ad allargare il ventaglio delle forme di produzione e commercializzazione dell’informazione, quest’ultimo modello muove dalla necessità di contrastare il rischio che il controllo rigido ed accentrato colonizzi la conoscenza, anche e soprattutto valorizzando l’uso delle tecnologie informatiche, della Rete e del Web. In tale contesto si colloca l’emergente scuola di pensiero (cosiddetta Value-Centerd-Design, VCD), che, partendo da un approccio al mezzo informatico quale strumento neutro, immagina sistemi di gestione dei diritti interoperabili e rappresentativi degli interessi di tutte le parti coinvolte (sia con riguardo alle problematiche legate al copyright, ma anche alla libertà contrattuale, alla privacy, etc.). La sfida proposta alla scienza giuridica ed informatica, dunque, è di grande complessità: consentire la circolazione e fruizione dell’informazione nel Web, integrando regole di diritto nell’architettura informatica. Ma, ci si chiede, tali ambiziosi obiettivi sono verosimilmente perseguibili e, soprattutto, sono davvero auspicabili? ENGLISH ABSTRACT This interdisciplinary study, starting from the legal perspective, is aimed at analyzing some issues related to intellectual property and contract law in the construction of digital rights representation languages, new technologies intended to be a cornerstone of copyright management in the information society. On one hand we find a juridical model of knowledge circulation based on contract self-enforcement, on the other the idea of open access to information. Aiming at increasing the range of patterns of production and commercialization of scientific information, the latter model starts from the need to contrast the risk that a rigid and centralized control might colonize scientific knowledge and above all to enhance the use of information technologies, Network, Web and new intermediaries (institutional archives, Internet search engines such as Google Books Search and Google Scholar, etc.). In this context can be placed the emerging “Value–Centered–Design” approach which proposes rights management as interoperable systems and representing the interests of all parties involved. Therefore, legal science and informatics are nowadays in the position of facing a challenge of great complexity: that is to consent the circulation and use of information on the web, integrating the right rules into IT architecture. Are these ambitious goals achievable and, especially, really desirable? Questo paper © Copyright 2011 by Valentina Moscon è pubblicato con Creative Commons Attribuzione-Non commerciale-Non opere derivate 2.5 Italia License. Maggiori informazioni circa la licenza all’URL:
• http://eprints.biblio.unitn.it/1930/

Commission authorizes Italian film production tax incentives, Newsletter in IRIS 3 (2009).

Regulation on the SIAE Sticker, Newsletter in IRIS 6 (2009).

Italian Tax Credits Clear Last Hurdle, Newsletter in IRIS 6 (2009).

End User License Agreement (EULA) e diritto dei contratti nell’era digitale (End User License Agreement and contract law in the digital age), In Pactum 3 (2009), 8 (together with Roberto Caso).

Case of Centro Europa 7, Newsletter in IRIS 7 (2008).

Tax Credit and Tax Shelter: New Ways of Financing Italian Cinema, Newsletter in IRIS 9 (2008).

Government approves the final transition to digital terrestrial broadcasting, Newsletter in IRIS 11 (2008).

Quale responsabilità per il professionista tecnico? (Professional liability in private law), Scienza e Mestieri 1 (2008), 10.

Cenni all’interpretazione del contratto nell’ordinamento italiano (Contract interpretation in Italian law), In Pactum 2 (2008), 2.

La responsabilità penale del professionista tecnico (Professional criminal liability), Scienza e Mestieri 3 (2008), 6.

L'interpretazione del contratto nell’ordinamento italiano (Contract interpretation in Italian law), Esmape (Revista da Escola Superior da Magistratura de Pernambuco) 13, 28 (2008), 591.

Diritto d’autore e protezione del software: l’irrisolta questione dell’originalità (Software protection, originality requirements under Italian and US copyright law), Diritto dell'Internet 4 (2007), 349.

Il danno da morte. Itinerari di giurisprudenza (Tort law and wrongful death), Danno e Responsabilità 6 (2006), 621 (together with F. Lorenzato).

Case notes

Annotation to Corte di Cassazione 23 febbraio 2005, n. 3766 on tort law and death damages, Foro Italiano I (2006), 2464.

Research Papers

Data Access Rules, Copyright and Protection of Technological Protection Measures in the EU. A Wave of Propertisation of Information (Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper, No. 23-14), 2023. DOI

• In the era of digitisation, datafication and computational uses of works, the scope of EU copyright is expanding and new EU legislative initiatives on data regulation, while aiming in principle at granting access to data, increasingly recognise and reinforce control over data through Technological Protection Measures (TPMs). A sort of “wave” pushing the field towards data propertisation is evident. After the introduction of the Text and Data Mining (TDM) regime by the Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive (CDSM Directive), the incoming regime of Internet of Things (IoT) data access laid down in the EU Data Act Proposal of February 2022 (DA Proposal) – currently in its final stage of adoption – arguably constitutes the second-most significant example of such an emerging trend. This article identifies the EU TDM regime and the EU IoT data access regime as case studies and analyses the ways in which the shift toward propertisation of information is already taking place, both contrary to certain well-established principles of European and international copyright law and without balanced consideration of all the interests involved.

International Instrument on Permitted Uses in Copyright Law and Explanatory Notes (Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper, No. 21-06), 2021 (together with Reto M. Hilty et al.). DOI

• The "International Instrument on Permitted Uses in Copyright Law" (the Instrument) is the result of a research project for a balanced reconciliation of interests in copyright law. The project was coordinated by the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition and resulted in a legal instrument designed in the form of an international treaty establishing a core of minimum permitted uses of works. This core of permitted uses is intended to be mandatory for prospective Contracting Parties, who remain free, however, to go beyond the minimum set of permitted uses provided for in the Instrument. The approach undertaken on the basis of "minimum permitted uses" counterbalances the traditional "minimum protection" approach of international copyright law. Among other things, this approach supports Contracting Parties in addressing the political pressure that notoriously exists in international negotiations, especially in the context of bilateral or regional agreements.
  The Instrument is composed of three parts (A. Permitted uses; B. General principles of implementation; C. Competition; Abuse) and is accompanied by explanatory notes that clarify the purpose and meaning of the Instrument and its provisions.

Copyright, contratto e accesso alla conoscenza: un'analisi comparata (Trento Law and Technology Research Group Research Paper, n. 17), 2013, 222 pp.

• Along with a comparative perspective that takes account of the U.S. and Italian law, this work aims to explore the interface between copyright and contract lae in publishing process. In the current publishing environment, contracts and technology play a dominant role in the exploitation of copyrighted works. Publishers are granted by assignment of all copyright rights to reproduce and publish the work, but also to exercise control over its contents through technological protection measures. At the same time, mass digitization allows libraries and other organizations to make contents available online, which it entails a redefinition of the traditional publishing process and introduces new players to the scene (e.g., Google Books). Hence, technology proves to be a powerful instrument for the spread of knowledge and it is on this pattern that Open Access (OA) is rapidly gaining ground. Mostly based on a bottom-up approach that is on soft law, institutional policies and contracts, OA designs a new legal environment targeting the objectives of free accessibility, further distribution, and proper archiving of publications. These aims can be achieved through the creation of new open access business models to publish on OA journals (gold road) or to self-archive in institutional or disciplinary repositories works that have been originally published in conventional journals (green road). However, in order for OA to be fully developed it is necessary to devise a principled and feasible approach to the dissemination of scholarly works against the current social, economic and legal background. Indeed, the importance of OA is steadily recognized by legislators who integrate OA provisions into their legal system. This is an innovation of great significance, which was first fostered in the USA, and then extended in some European countries such as Italy and Germany in the European framework. Nevertheless, considering the different law systems, the formal law need to be combined with national strategies and institutional policies providing adequate incentives to the authors, while also promoting academic freedom and the right to knowledge access.
• Available at SSRN

Opinions

Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition of 25 May 2022 on the Commission's Proposal of 23 February 2022 for a Regulation on Harmonised Rules on Fair Access to and Use of Data (Data Act), 2022, 124 pp. (together with Josef Drexl et al.).

• On 23 February 2022, the European Commission issued a Proposal for a Regulation on harmonised rules on fair access to and use of data (Data Act). The overarching objective of the Proposal is to ‘ensure fairness in the digital environment, stimulate a competitive data market, open opportunities for data-driven innovation and make data available for all’. The Institute hereby presents its Position Statement that features a comprehensive analysis of whether and to what extent the proposed rules might reach the envisaged objectives. It comments on all parts of the Proposal, including the new IoT data access and use right. Finally, the Institute offers a set of recommendations as to how the proposed provisions should be amended in the legislative process to align them better with the objectives of the Data Act.
• Position_Statement_MPI_Data_Act_Formal__13.06.2022.pdf
• Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 22-05

Gesetz über die urheberrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit von Diensteanbietern für das Teilen von Online-Inhalten (Urheberrechts-Diensteanbieter-Gesetz – UrhDaG) - Stellungnahme zum Referentenentwurf vom 2. September 2020, 2020, 20 pp. (together with Reto M. Hilty et al.).

• Stellungnahme_UrhDaG_Referententwurf_MPI - 16.11.2020.pdf

Article 13 of the Proposal for a Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market - Answers to Questions Raised by Member States, 2017, 16 pp. (together with Reto M. Hilty).

• Answers_Article_13_2017_Hilty_Moscon-rev-18_9.pdf

Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition on the Proposed Modernisation of European Copyright Rules, PART C: Out-of-Commerce Works (Articles 7-9 COM(2016) 593), 2017, 13 pp. (together with Reto M. Hilty, Tao Li).

• MPI_Position_Statement_PART_C-2017_03_13_final_d Copy.pdf
• Also published in: Hilty, Reto M.; Moscon, Valentina: Modernisation of the EU Copyright Rules - Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Munich 2017, 61 - 70, Part C - Out-of Commerce Works (Articles 7-9 COM(2016) 593 final)

Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition on the Proposed Modernisation of European Copyright Rules, PART B: Exceptions and Limitations, Chapter 3 - Preservation of Cultural Heritage (Article 5 COM(2016) 593), 2017, 7 pp. (together with Reto M. Hilty, Tao Li).

• MPI_Position_Statement_PART_B_Chapter_3_2017_03-03_final Copy.pdf
• Also published in: Hilty, Reto M.; Moscon, Valentina: Modernisation of the EU Copyright Rules - Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Munich 2017, 45 - 50 under the title: Part B – Copyright Exceptions and Limitations, Chapter 3: Preservation of Cultural Heritage (Articles 5 COM(2016) 593 final)

Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition on the "Public consultation on the role of publishers in the copyright value chain", 2016, 9 pp. (together with Reto M. Hilty, Kaya Köklü).

• MPI_Position_statement_15_6_2016_def.pdf

Further Publications, Press Articles, Interviews

Delivering of a Scientific Study for the Turkish News Agency Anadolu Agency on Copyright-Related Rights for Press Publishers in Europe and Their Implementation in Germany, France, Spain and Italy in Comparison With Canadian and Australian Regulatory Approaches for Regulation of the Online Press-Publishing Market. The study was included in the News Copyright Report published in 2023 by Anadolu Agency., 2023.

A Closer Insight into Copyright Related Issues in the Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition on the Commission’s Proposal for a Data Act, Kluwer Copyright Blog 2022 (together with Carolina Banda, Begoña Gonzalez Otero).

• https://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/06/29/a-closer-insight-into-copyright-related-issues-in-the-position-statement-of-the-max-planck-institute-for-innovation-and-competition-on-the-commissions-proposal-for-a-data-act/

A Proposal for an International Agreement: The International Instrument on Permitted Uses in Copyright Law, Kluwer Copyright Blog 2021 (together with Reto M. Hilty).

• http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/03/19/a-proposal-for-an-international-agreement-the-international-instrument-on-permitted-uses-in-copyright-law/

International Instrument on Permitted Uses in Copyright Law – An Interview, Copyright 21 (2021) (together with Reto M. Hilty).

• http://copy21.com/2021/03/international-instrument-on-permitted-uses-in-copyright-law-an-interview-with-reto-hilty-and-valentina-moscon/

The Council Negotiating Position on Article 13: Warning, Creators are also Part of the Game!, Kluwer Copyright Blog 2018.

• http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2018/07/04/council-negotiating-position-article-13-warning-creators-also-part-game/

Open Access to Scientific Articles: Comparing Italian with German law, Kluwer Copyright Blog 2013.

• http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2013/12/03/open-access-to-scientific-articles-comparing-italian-with-german-law/