Dr. Beatriz Conde Gallego

Edited Works

Personal Data in Competition, Consumer Protection and Intellectual Property Law - Towards a Holistic Approach? (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 28), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2018, VI + 577 pp. (together with Mor Bakhoum et al.). DOI

Abuse of Dominant Position: New Interpretation - New Enforcement Mechanisms? (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law, 5), Springer, Berlin 2008, VII + 204 pp. (together with Mark-Oliver Mackenrodt, Stefan Enchelmaier).

• reviewed by: Schuhmacher, ZeuP 2009, 668-670
• reviewed in: Journal of Economic Literature 47 (2009),1, 159
• reviewed by: Furse, 2009 E.C.L.R. 473

Books and Monographs

Handelsbezogene Aspekte des Lizenzkartellrechts (Münchner Schriften zum Europäischen und Internationalen Kartellrecht, 2), Stämpfli, Bern 2003, 231 pp.

Handelsbezogene Aspekte des Lizenzkartellsrechts, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg 2002, Dissertation.

Contributions to Collected Editions, Commentaries, Handbooks and Encyclopaedias

Salud pública, sostenibilidad e innovación: el papel de las normas y la política de competencia, in: Mercedes Curto Polo (ed.), El acceso a los medicamentos esenciales y otros productos médico-sanitarios para hacer frente a la COVID-19. Un análisis interdisciplinar (Monografías), Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia 2023, 227 - 252.

SEP Licensing in the IoT: Is There a Case for a Duty to License Upstream Implementers?, in: Anselm Kamperman Sanders, Anke Moerland (eds.), Intellectual Property as a Complex Adaptive System - The Role of IP in the Innovation Society (European Intellectual Property Institutes Network Series), Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton, MA, USA; Cheltenham, UK 2021, 62 - 83.

• Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 21-07

Introducing a Holistic Approach to Personal Data, in: Mor Bakhoum et al. (ed.), Personal Data in Competition, Consumer Protection and Intellectual Property Law (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 28), Springer, Berlin 2018, 1 - 4 (together with Mor Bakhoum et al.). DOI

Relation of Intellectual Property Rights to Trade, Investment and Anti-Trust Rules, in: Thomas Cottier, Krista Nadakavukaren (eds.), Elgar Encyclopedia of International Economic Law, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA 2017, 527 - 529 (together with Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan).

TRIPS and Competition Rules: From Transfer of Technology to Innovation Policy, in: Hanns Ullrich et al. (ed.), TRIPS plus 20 - From Trade Rules to Market Principles (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 25), Springer, Heidelberg; Berlin 2016, 529 - 559 (together with Mor Bakhoum). DOI

• The competition-related provisions in the TRIPS Agreement were very much influenced by the context in which the Agreement was concluded. The inclusion of competition provisions served a specific purpose. Competition law was basically seen as a tool to facilitate the transfer of technology. Twenty years after the entry into force of TRIPS, the legal landscape within which IPRs are exercised has experienced tremendous changes on the IP front, as well as on the competition law front. IP protection tends to be raised beyond the minimum standards of TRIPS, questionable protection has been granted specially in the field of patents, enforcement mechanisms and remedies have been strengthened and IP portfolios are strategically used in the markets. From an international perspective, higher IP standards have been exported through bilateral and regional trade agreements. Competition law is developing at a very fast speed, especially in emerging and developing economies. Moreover, competition law and IP laws are increasingly understood as being complementary to each other. A strict and “conflict oriented” reading of TRIPS’ competition provisions does not help to cope with the new strategies of innovation and the new forms of use of IPRs. We argue in this paper that a flexible reading of the competition-related provisions in TRIPS provides enough room for applying competition law as an innovation instrument. Hence, the application of competition law to combat IP-related restraints of competition that inhibit innovation would be covered by the rationale of the TRIPS Agreement just as much as an application of competition law aimed at enhancing access to and dissemination of IP-protected products.

La dimensión internacional del Derecho de libre competencia, in: José Antonio García Cruces (ed.), Tratado de Derecho de la competencia y de la publicidad, Vol. 1, Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia 2014, 963 - 1001.

Intellectual Property and Restraints of Competition, in: Jürgen Basedow et al. (ed.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law, Vol. I, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012, 942 - 946.

Intellectual property rights and competition policy, in: Carlos M. Correa (ed.), Research Handbook on the Protection of Intellectual Property under WTO Rules (Intellectual Property in the WTO, 1), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA 2010, 226 - 265.

Unilateral refusal to license indispensable intellectual property rights – US and EU approaches, in: Josef Drexl (ed.), Research Handbook on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA 2008, 215 - 238.

Abuse of Dominant Position: New Interpretation - New Enforcement Mechanisms?, in: Mark-Oliver Mackenrodt, Beatriz Conde Gallego, Stefan Enchelmaier (eds.), Abuse of Dominant Position - New Interpretation - New Enforcement Mechanisms (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law, 5), Springer, Berlin 2008, V - VIII (together with Mark-Oliver Mackenrodt, Stefan Enchelmaier).

Propiedad intelectual, libre competencia e integración económica: la experiencia europea, in: Raúl A. Etcheverry, Héctor O. Chomer (eds.), Código de comercio y normas complementarias: Tomo 6, Propiedad Industrial, Hammurabi, Buenos Aires 2006, 81 - 118.

Journal Articles

Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition of 2 May 2023 on the Implementation of the Digital Markets Act (DMA), GRUR Int 72, 9 (2023), 864 - 875 (together with Josef Drexl et al.). DOI

• Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 23-11

IoT Connectivity Standards: How Adaptive is the Current SEP Regulatory Framework?, IIC 50, 1 (2019), 135 - 156 (together with Josef Drexl). DOI

• The Internet of Things is advancing as a new technological paradigm with enormous economic and societal implications. Network connectivity provides the basis. With this in mind, past and current conflicts surrounding the licensing and enforcement of standard essential patents (SEPs) in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector cast a shadow over IoT development. Focusing on the European approach based on competition law, this article explores the extent to which the existing legal framework, which has been mainly developed against the backdrop of problems in the mobile industry, will be capable of responding adequately to the challenges raised by the IoT.

Uber in Spain, Journal of European Consumer and Market Law 4, 1-2 (2015), 62 - 63.

Rahmenbedingungen für den Wettbewerb um Arzneimittel - neuere Entwicklungen des Kartellrechts im Pharma-Sektor, sic! 15, 2 (2011), 126 - 138 (together with Rupprecht Podszun).

Die Anwendung des kartellrechtlichen Missbrauchsverbots auf "unerlässliche" Immaterialgüterrechte im Lichte der IMS Health- und Standard-Spundfass-Urteile, GRUR Int 55, 1 (2006), 16 - 28.

La negativa unilateral de una empresa en posición de dominio a conceder una licencia para la utilización de un derecho de propiedad intelectual, Actas de Derecho Industrial y Derecho de autor, Actas de derecho Industrial y derecho de Autor 24 (2004), 465 - 483.

Comments on the Draft Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation, IIC 35, 2 (2004), 187 - 196 (together with Josef Drexl et al.).

La negativa unilateral de una empresa en posición de dominio a conceder una licencia para la utilización de un derecho de propiedad intelectual, Actas de derecho Industrial y derecho de Autor 24 (2004), 465 - 483.

The Principle of Exhaustion of Rights and Its Implications for Competition Law, IIC 34, 5 (2003), 473 - 502.

The Future of Transnational Antitrust - From Comparative to Common Competition Law: Bericht über die Tagung des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geistiges Eigentum, Wettbewerbs- und Steuerrecht, Frauenchiemsee (3.-5. Juni 2002), GRUR Int 52, 5 (2003), 431 - 444.

El agotamiento de los derechos de propiedad industrial e intelectual: un análisis desde la perspectiva del comercio internacional y del derecho de la libre competencia, Actas de derecho Industrial y derecho de Autor 23 (2002), 43 - 72.

Case notes

Anmerkung zu EuGH vom 29.04.2004, IIC 35, 5 (2004), 571 - 573 (together with Beatriz Conde-Gallego).

Anmerkungen zum Urteil des spanischen Tribunal Supremo vom 28.9.2001 - "Bacardi", GRUR Int 51, 8/9 (2002), 766 - 769.

Reviews

Review of: Alikhan, Shahid; Mashelkar, Raghunath: Intellectual Property and Competitive Strategies in the 21st Century. 2. Aufl., Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, Austin et al. 2009, XIII + 221 S., ISBN 978-90-411-2644-3, GRUR Int 59, 3 (2010), 265.

Review of: Oberender, Peter (Hrsg.): Wettbewerb und Geistiges Eigentum. Schriften des Vereins für Sozialpolitik Bd. 316, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2007, 100 S., ISBN 978-3-12500-5, GRUR Int 57, 7 (2008), 625 - 627.

Review of: Von Verschuer, Nikolaus / Gres, Joachim (Hrsg.): Liber Amicorum für Alexander Riesenkampff zum 70. Geburtstag. C.H. Beck, München 2006, 283 S., ISBN 3-406-54896-2, GRUR Int 57, 11 (2008), 969.

Review of: Ghidini, Gustavo: Intellectual Property and Competition Law - The Innovation Nexus. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, Northampton 2006, XII + 164 S., ISBN 978-1-84542-135-9, IIC 39, 7 (2008), 879 - 882.

Review of: Von Verschuer, Nikolaus, Gres, Joachim (Hrsg.): Liber Amicorum für Alexander Riesenkampff zum 70. Geburtstag, C.H. Beck, München 2006, 283 S., ISBN 3-406-54896-2, GRUR Int 57, 11 (2008), 969.

Review of: Lévêque, Francois / Shelanski, Howard (eds.): Antitrust, Patents and Copyright - EU and US Perspectives, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham/Northampton 2005, pp. XXI + 223, ISBN 1-84542-603-7, IIC 38, 4 (2007), 514 - 516.

Review of: Stirnimann, Franz Xaver: Urheberkartellrecht. Kartellrechtliche Verhaltenskontrolle von urheberrechtlichen Märkten in der Schweiz. Schweizer Schriften zum Handels- und Wirtschaftsrecht, Band 228, Zürich, Schulthess, 2004, LXIV, 364 S., ISBN 3-7255-4735-1, GRUR Int 55, 2 (2006), 174 - 176.

Review of: Kübel, Constanze: Zwangslizenzen im Immaterialgüter- und Wettbewerbsrecht. Eine Untersuchung zu Patenten und Urheberrechten bei technischen Normen (Compulsory licences in intellectual property and competition law. An analysis of patents and copyrights in connection with technical norms). Cologne etc., Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2004. XIV + 405 S., ISBN 3-452-25724-X, IIC 37, 5 (2006), 632 - 634.

Review of: Stirnimann, Franz Xaver: Urheberkartellrecht. Kartellrechtliche Verhaltenskontrolle von urheberrechtlichen Märkten in der Schweiz. Schweizer Schriften zum Handels- und Wirtschaftsrecht, Band 228, Schulthess, 2004, LXIV, 364 S., ISBN 3-7255-4735-1, GRUR Int 55, 2 (2006), 174 - 176.

Review of: Festschrift für Alberto Bercovitz Rodriguez Cano. Spanische Landesgruppe der AIPPI (Hrsg.): Estudios sobre propiedad industrial e intelectual y Derecho de la competencia - Homenaje a A. Bercovitz. Spanische Landesgruppe der AIPPI, Barcelona 2005, 992 S., ISBN 84-932692-2-0, GRUR Int 54, 11 (2005), 958 - 959.

Review of: De León, Ignacio: Latin American Competition Law and Policy - A Policy in Search of Identity. (International Competition Law Series, Bd. 1), Kluwer Law International, Den Haag 2001, 476 S., ISBN 90-411-1542, GRUR Int 53, 2 (2004), 174 - 176.

Review of: De León, Ignacio: Latin American Competition Law and Policy - A Policy in Search of Identity. (International Competition Law Series, Bd. 1), Kluwer Law International, Den Haag 2001, 476 S., ISBN 90-411-1542, GRUR Int 53, 2 (2004), 178 - 180.

Review of: De Miguel Asensio, Pedro A.: Contratos Internacionales sobre Propiedad Industrial. Estudios de Derecho Mercantil, 2. Aufl., Bd. 26, Civitas Ediciones S.L., Madrid 2000, 424 S., ISBN 84-470-1365-0, GRUR Int 52, 11 (2003), 971 - 972.

Conference Reports

3. Konferenz der Academic Society for Competition Law in Zürich, WuW 58, 10 (2008), 1079 - 1082 (together with #Namen).

Research Papers

Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition of 6 February 2024 on the Commission's Proposal for a Regulation on Standard Essential Patents (Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper, No. 24-03), 2024, 41 pp. (together with Josef Drexl et al.).

• Available at SSRN
• Also published in: GRUR International, Volume 73, Issue 7, 2024, 647–665

Opinions

Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition of 2 May 2023 on the Implementation of the Digital Markets Act (DMA), 2023, 33 pp. (together with Josef Drexl et al.).

• Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Act; DMA) entered into force on 1 November 2022 and applies from 2 May 2023. The DMA is a novel type of regulation laying down harmonised rules for core platform services provided or offered by gatekeepers to business users and end users established or located in the Union. It pursues the objective of achieving fairness and contestability in the digital sector across the Union where gatekeepers are present.
  In its position statement of 2 May 2023, the Institute acknowledges that uniform rules throughout the European Union and centralised enforcement are necessary to prevent internal market fragmentation and welcomes the first Commission Implementing Regulation for the DMA of 14 April 2023. However, it remains concerned by the DMA’s unique institutional design and its interaction with other laws as outlined under Articles 1(5), 1(6) and 1(7).
  In particular, the Institute raises awareness about the possible overly broad blocking effects of the DMA on national rules, which may have the unintended consequences of privileging gatekeepers by jeopardizing future national legislative initiatives. This ultimately obstructs the achievement of contestability and fairness in digital markets. A complementary application of the competition rules and effective enforcement of the DMA is, against this backdrop, crucial. Yet there is uncertainty over administrative enforcement mechanisms, and it is unclear what role private enforcement plays in the current legal design of the DMA. The position statement identifies and examines challenges in the implementation of the DMA, along with recommendations for overcoming them.
• Position_Statement_MPI_DMA.pdf
• Also published as: Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 23-11
• Also published in: GRUR International, Volume 72, Issue 9, September 2023, Pages 864–875

Comments of the Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law on the White Paper by the Directorate-General for Competition of April 2008 on Damages Actions for Breach of the EC Antitrust Rules, 2008, 18 pp. (together with Josef Drexl et al.).

• Auch veröffentlicht in IIC 39,7 (2008), 799 - 811
• Comments-WhitePaperDamageActionsForBreach2.pdf

Comments of the Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law (Munich) on the DG Competition Green Paper of December 2005 on Damages actions for breach of the EC antitrust rules, 2006, 29 pp. (together with Josef Drexl et al.).

• Auch veröffentlicht in IIC 37,6 (2006), 700 - 728
• Comments-GreenPaperAntitrustRules1.pdf

Comments of the Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law (Munich) on the DG Competition discussion paper of December 2005 on the application of Article 82 of the EC Treaty to exclusionary abuses, 2006, 24 pp. (together with Josef Drexl et al.).

• Auch veröffentlicht in: IIC 37,5 (2006), 558 - 572
• Comments-ECTreatyExclusionaryAbuses1.pdf

Further Publications, Press Articles, Interviews

Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition of 6 February 2024 on the Commission's Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Standard Essential Patents, GRUR Int 73, 7 (2024), 647 - 665 (together with Josef Drexl et al.). DOI

• The Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition is a research institute within the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science. The Institute is committed to fundamental legal and economic research on processes of innovation and competition and their regulation. Its research focus is on the incentives, determinants and implications of innovation. The Institute informs and guides legal and economic discourse on an impartial basis. It hereby presents its position on the European Commission’s proposal of 27 April 2023 for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on standard essential patents and amending Regulation (EU) 2017/1001.